What is Down Syndrome?
Down Syndrome is a genetic condition that occurs when a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21 — also called Trisomy 21.
This extra genetic material affects the way the body and brain develop, leading to physical features, developmental delays, and sometimes health challenges.
Key Characteristics
People with Down Syndrome may have:
- Distinct facial features (such as almond-shaped eyes, flat nasal bridge)
- Low muscle tone (hypotonia)
- Shorter height and a single crease across the palm
- Developmental delays in speech, motor skills, and learning
- Mild to moderate intellectual disability
Each person with Down Syndrome is unique, with their own strengths, personality, and abilities.
Causes
Down Syndrome is caused by extra genetic material:
- Trisomy 21 (most common) – 3 copies of chromosome 21
- Translocation Down Syndrome – A piece of chromosome 21 attaches to another chromosome
- Mosaic Down Syndrome – Some cells have an extra chromosome 21, others do not
🔹 It is not caused by anything a parent did or didn’t do. The condition occurs by chance at conception.
Diagnosis
Down Syndrome can be diagnosed:
- Before birth (prenatal screening and diagnostic tests like amniocentesis)
- At birth through physical signs, confirmed with a genetic (chromosome) test
Health & Medical Considerations
People with Down Syndrome may have increased risk for:
- Heart defects
- Hearing or vision issues
- Thyroid problems
- Sleep apnea
- Digestive issues or celiac disease
✅ Regular medical checkups and early intervention help manage these health concerns effectively.
Support & Strengths
People with Down Syndrome are known for:
✅ Warmth and friendliness
✅ Strong social and emotional awareness
✅ Visual learning strengths
✅ Creativity and determination
They may benefit from:
- Early intervention programs (speech, physical, occupational therapy)
- Inclusive education with supportive teaching
- Life skills training for independence
- Community support and advocacy
Why Awareness Matters
Down Syndrome is not an illness, but a natural genetic variation.
With love, respect, support, and inclusion, individuals with Down Syndrome can learn, work, create, and lead meaningful, fulfilling lives.
They are valuable members of families, schools, and society.